清朝掐丝珐琅 Qing Dynasty Cloisonné

在刚刚结束的中贸圣佳春季拍卖会上，一对从英国回流的清乾隆时期“掐丝珐琅多穆壶”以9072万元拍出，创下了珐琅器拍卖的世界最高纪录。据了解，珐琅器已成为收藏市场的热点，特别是清乾隆掐丝珐琅器，近年市场价格一路飙升，单件普通藏品市场价格动辄10万元以上，而一些工艺精湛的精品珐琅器，拍卖成交价甚至屡屡破千万元大关。

珐琅器属中西合璧式经典/ k$ {* \9 @4 {% f% g: \

据了解，珐琅器制作工艺属于中西合璧式经典，其制作技术最早于13世纪由阿拉伯地区传入中国，后经匠人加入诸多东方元素，最终开发出了独具中国特色的珐琅器。

珐琅器主要以金属制胎，其中铜胎掐丝珐琅即闻名天下的“景泰蓝”。收藏爱好者伍宇旋介绍，珐琅器的制作工艺主要分为五大类：①掐丝珐琅工艺；②画珐琅工艺；③铸胎珐琅工艺；④锤胎珐琅工艺；⑤錾胎起线珐琅工艺。其中掐丝珐琅技术大约于公元13世纪由阿拉伯传入中国，是传入最早也是最为常见的珐琅制作工艺。其制作方法是在红铜制作的胎身上（少数御用品以黄金制胎），或焊或粘上以细如毛发的铜丝掐成的花纹轮廓，再填入珐琅彩颜料烧制打磨而成。

胎体厚重工艺精细为最佳0 d9 j  D; H+ u4 g# V0 B

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掐丝珐琅器由于存世最多且在收藏市场的名声也最响，近几年已日渐成为备受追捧的收藏热点。收藏专家认为收藏掐丝珐琅器，以胎体厚重工艺精细为最佳。$ l0 S& U# u5 A4 Y8 E# o) Y( V

在掐丝珐琅器的制作与演变过程中，曾经历了一个又一个高峰期。其中“景泰蓝”的成名是在明朝景泰年间，而到了乾隆年间，珐琅器纹饰则向更加稠密繁复发展，增加了双勾法表现技法，掐丝更加粗细均匀线条流畅，制作工艺更加精细成熟，再加上胎体厚重胎质优良，因而具有较高的艺术欣赏与收藏价值，堪称掐丝珐琅器的断代之作。  d# F( N) q% q" C' q( P5 ^, ^

据了解，掐丝珐琅器的作伪方式主要有三种，分别为偷工、减料、做旧等，收藏专家建议鉴别珐琅器真假优劣，主要看器胎、烧制年代与工艺。

现代仿品与古代真品的差别主要体现在器胎与釉料不同。古代掐丝珐琅器多以红铜作胎，而现代仿品多以铝、锌等取代，因此整体感觉要轻薄得多；其次古代采用的珐琅颜料主要是以石英、硼砂、长石等矿物质制成，含有较多杂质，因此烧制出的珐琅器多有细小的砂眼；而现代仿制品多以化学颜料填充，虽然通过在表面涂上一层杏干粥与胭脂可进行作旧处理，但砂眼很难做假，只要仔细观察都能发现差别之处。

“此外工艺也是鉴别掐丝珐琅器的优劣与收藏价值的重要因素之一。优品掐丝工艺线条自然流畅、粗细均匀，图案富于变化，充分展示了制作匠人的工艺水平。”收藏专家马卓南表示。
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特别提醒：珐琅器要注重打蜡保养: g) X7 S2 G0 ^. o
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古代精品珐琅器与普通的玉器、陶瓷、家具都不一样，并非越摸越光润，如果保养不当或是过多把玩抚摸，极有可能令其釉面光泽受影响，变得暗哑发灰，因此，伍宇旋建议收藏爱好者不宜过多抚摸把玩珐琅器，平时不宜接触高温与潮湿，最好是存放于干燥恒温的地方，且最好是在表面打蜡保养。

History

Cloisonné first developed in the Near East. It spread to the Byzantine Empire and from there along the Silk Road to China. Chinese cloisonné is arguably the most well known of all the varieties of cloisonne and enamel making. Russian cloisonné from the Tsarist era is also highly prized by collectors. Chinese cloisonné is sometimes confused with Canton enamel, a similar type of enamel work that is painted on freehand and does not utilize partitions to hold the colors separate.

Cloisonné process

1. Body-making. the artist forms metal (such as copper, bronze, or silver) into the shape of the finished object. The material usually used for making the body is copper, for it is easily hammered and stretched.
2. Filigree-soldering. which is pure silver wire usually about .010 x .040 inches in cross section, is bent into shapes that define the colored areas. The bends are all done at right angles, so that wire does not curve up. This is done with small pliers, tweezers, and custom made jigs. The cloisonné wire pattern may consist of several intricately constructed wire patterns that fit together into a larger design. Solder can be used to join the wires, but it causes the enamel to discolor and form bubbles later on. Instead the base metal is fired with a thin layer of clear enamel. The cloisonné wire is glued to the enamel surface with gum Tragacanth. When the gum Tragacanth has dried the piece is fired again to fuse the cloisonné wire to the clear enamel. The gum Tragacanth burns off leaving no residue.
3. Enamel-filling. The basic elements of enamel are boric acid, saltpetre and alkaline. Due to the difference in the minerals added, the colour differs accordingly. Usually one with much iron will turn grey, with uranium, yellow, with chromium, green, with zinc, white, with bronze, blue, with gold or iodine, red. In time of filling, all the colours, ground beforehand into minute powder and contained in plates, are placed in front of the workers and are then applied to the little compartments separated by filigree.
4. Enamel-firing. This is done by putting the article, with its enamel fillings, to the crucible. The enamel in the little compartment will sink down a bit after firing. That will require a refilling. This process will go on repeatedly until the little compartments are finally filled.
5. Polishing. Some pieces of hard carbon are used for polishing so as to obtain some lustre on the surface of the article.
6. Gilding. The article is placed in fluid of gold or silver. The exposed parts of the filigree and the metal fringes of the article will be smoothly and evenly gilded. The exposed metal is electroplated with a thin film of gold to prevent corrosion and to give a pleasing appearance. More details see here.Cloisonne

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